Confidence Intervals for Discrete Data in Clinical Research  

Vivek Pradhan, Ashis Gangopadhyay, Sandeep Menon, Cynthia Basu and Tathagata Banerjee

Chapman & Hall/CRC Biostatistics Series (2021)

ISBN-13: 978-1138048980

Publisher link

Available on Amazon link

About the Book

    Confidence Intervals for Discrete Data in Clinical Research is designed as a toolbox for biomedical researchers. Analysis of discrete data is one of the most used yet vexing areas in clinical research. The array of methodologies available in the literature to address the inferential questions for binomial and multinomial data can be a double-edged sword. On the one hand, these methods open a rich avenue of exploration of data; on the other, the wide-ranging and competing methodologies potentially lead to conflicting inferences, adding to researchers' confusion and frustration and also leading to reporting bias. This book addresses the problems that many practitioners experience in choosing and implementing fit for purpose data analysis methods to answer critical inferential questions for binomial and count data.

    This book is an outgrowth of the authors' collective experience in biomedical research and provides an excellent overview of inferential questions of interest for binomial proportions and rates based on count data, and reviews various solutions to these problems available in the literature. Each chapter discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the methods and suggests practical recommendations. The book's primary focus is on applications in clinical research, and the goal is to provide direct benefit to the users involved in the biomedical field. The data analysis methods are illustrated with examples from clinical trials, and the analytical approaches discussed in the book are consistent with regulatory guidelines of clinical research. The inferential procedures are demonstrated with software packages SAS, StatXact PROCs, and R, making the methodologies easily accessible to a broad audience.

    The key features:
  • The book is a definitive reference of wide-ranging methods for the analysis of binomial, multinomial and count data.
  • Each chapter provides detailed comparisons of the methods using multiple metrics and includes recommendations of the best practices for data analysis.
  • The book illustrates the methods with real world examples from clinical trials pertinent to practitioners and researchers.
  • Each chapter includes detailed SAS/R codes allowing readers a straightforward pathway to all methodologies discussed in the book.

Selected Reviews

    “…this book delivered what the authors hoped to achieve—"Confidence Intervals for Discrete Data in Clinical Research." This book provides a comprehensive review of existing methods in constructing confidence intervals for binary and count data because these are the discrete data most frequently used in clinical research. Other types of discrete data, such as nominal data, multinominal data, or general categorical data, do not usually appear in clinical trials. In fact, the scope of application for this book can go beyond clinical trials. This book can also be a very useful reference tool for public health applications. Generally speaking, public health covers a much wider scope and includes many more practitioners. Most public health studies do not use randomization. Examples of these studies are epidemiology studies (including most observational studies), electronic medical records, registries, and medical data collected from insurance companies like claim databases, and so on. In other words, this book not only serves the readers it intended to serve but can also help potentially a much broader readership.” - N. Ting, Director of Biostatistics and Data Science at Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.   Biometrics, 79: 528-531. https://doi.org/10.1111/biom.13839

    "For each method, they show plots of how actual coverage probabilities compare to a nominal level of 0.95 for 95% confidence intervals. Such plots are informative, showing that the Wald methods (i.e., maximum likelihood estimate plus and minus 1.96 estimated standard errors), which are the ones most commonly used in practice, usually perform poorly. .... All methods presented are easy enough to obtain these days with standard software. After introducing a method, the authors provide an example from a research study and discuss how to obtain the result using SAS or the excellent StatXact package for discrete data, with occasionalcitation of R functions." -Prof Alan Agresti, Department of Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Journal of American Statistical Asscociation, page 2945. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2023.2262009

    “In summary, the book by Pradhan and colleagues is a useful reference on the analysis of discrete data, mainly binomial and count data, for statisticians working in clinical research (and possibly beyond). They will appreciate the practical advice given and software implementations provided.” -Prof. T. Friede, Professor of Biostatistics, Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. Biometrical Journal, 65: 2300026. https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.202300026

About the Authors

  • Vivek Pradhan is a Senior Director of Statistics in Early Clinical Development of Pfizer Inc.
  • Ashis K Gangopadhyay is an Associate Professor of Statistics in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at Boston University.
  • Sandeep Menon is the Senior Vice President and the Head of Early Clinical Development at Pfizer Inc.
  • Cynthia Basu is an Associate Director of Statistics, Early Clinical Development at Pfizer Inc.
  • Tathagata Banerjee is a Professor at the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, India.

Chapter Resources

Book Codes
  • Section 3.4.2 (SAS code): Download
  • Section 3.4.3 (SAS code): Download
  • Section 4.2.3.3 (Coe and Tanhane method C++ exe file): Download
  • Section 4.2.4 (SAS code): Download
  • Section 5.2.1.5 (SAS code): Download
  • Section 6.4.3 (SAS code): Download
  • Section 6.4.6 (R code): Download
  • Section 6.4.7 (SAS code):Download
  • Section 6.6.1 (SAS code):Download
  • Section 6.6.2 (SAS code):Download
  • Section 6.7 (R code):Download
  • Section 6.7 (BLiP R package from Prof J. Lee, U. of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center):Download